How do T cells and B cells respond and what is the mechanism if the infection is bacterial or viral?

 

 

Dr. Milad Ibrahim Urabi

 

To talk about how T and B cells respond and what is the mechanism if the infection is bacterial or viral and what is the difference between them? . We explain it as follows.

(Adaptive immunity) can be divided into two forms:

1- Type I response.

2- Type II response.

These two responses depend on the type of antigen if it is (external or internal). T cells can respond to processed peptides (processed peptides) and B cells to the antigen completely. Therefore, antibodies (Ab) formed by B cells will bind to viruses or parts of viruses, parasites and firearms, and this is the type II response.

 

Antibodies (Ab) are the first and most important line of defense against viruses, however, many viruses cannot be eliminated by antibodies and can then enter the target cells, and therefore antibodies will not work when viruses enter the cells, so we must talk about the first type.

 

This means that toxic T cells or cytotoxic T cells will kill viruses and bacteria rich in them, or cytokines will work, which will mobilize antigens, whether viruses or bacteria, and will monitor these vital data. And escaping from them, the antibodies will do their job when they leave.

 

How do its adaptive components (adaptive immunity) occur, and how are they guaranteed and operated by ensuring cells (DC) and how are these cells guaranteed? This is done through two important points:

 

1- Cytokines

 

2- DAMP and PAMP through pattern recognition receptors, generated by maternal immunity.

DC cells contain a small cell and a long, soft and twisted cytoplasm, which is effective in narrowing the antigen and its effect on population growth. We must know that the antigens that affect the body are divided into two sections:

 

1- The first type: external antigens (exogenous) and these antigens such as bacteria and parasites that infect most organs of the body and reproduce non-agronomically and increase the blood. They can grow in tissues and flow and a type of external antigens. These antigens are eliminated and killed by DC cells, when receiving WhatsApp signals and tissue damage. Where DC cells migrate to the site of infection, if the antigen is bacteria, they devour it for a reason of phagocytosis. After swallowing, it destroys the bacteria, but some peptides will remain intact, as these peptides are linked to (MHC ll) and when they are transferred to the surface of the vital cell, all cells will be (T) and follow the accuracy of the peptides, the rest of the other cells are thrown out and the cells come with names (scavengers) which is a type of (macrophages) called (broom cells) will do the rest.

 

2- The second type: internal antigens (internal), and this type of antigens is inside the cells such as viruses, as it cannot live and reproduce except inside the target cell. It is eliminated through inaccurate or incorrect actions of the cells that target it, as these cells produce abnormal or foreign proteins to the body or mechanism. When viruses first enter the living cell, they will recruit all the cell products for viruses and will create the protein (protein synthesis), so that they can manufacture other viruses, during this process they will be able to achieve it successfully by finding a large group of viruses or activating a small one of them, so that they can produce it and thus a process that scientists believe is the cell’s way of seeking help from the virus, and then the protein will be divided into small peptides and transferred via the newly formed (MHC l) to the entire quantity and displayed outside the cell, displayed to the (T) cells that are present or passing near these infected cells, so that the (T) cells recognize the peptide and recognize the cells infected with the virus by reading this peptide. If they recognize (T cytotoxic) cells or (T helper) cells by expressing part of the peptide on the known plant protein (CD8) and these cells kill the cells rich in the virus. This is what happens basically and not in order to get a specialized idea for the largest number of the population.